Idempotent matrix - Definition, Examples and its properties

Idempotent matrix is a square matrix which when multiplied by itself, gives result as same square matrix, and it satisfies the condition A2 = A.

What is an Idempotent matrix?

Definition: Mathematically we can define Idempotent matrix as: A square matrix [A] will be called Idempotent matrix if and only if it satisfies the condition  A² = A. Where A is n x n square matrix. 

In other words, an Idempotent matrix is a square matrix which when multiplied by itself, gives result as same square matrix.

[ ##eye## Involutory matrix and its properties]

Also if square of any matrix gives same matrix ( i.e, A² = A )  then that matrix will be Idempotent matrix.

Here if we observe the definition   A²= A, i.e, A = square of (A). It means we can say that the Idempotent matrix [A] is always the square of same matrix [A].

Examples of Idempotent matrix

Example of 2 x 2 Idempotent matrix

Example of 3 x 3 Idempotent matrix

Conditions of Idempotent matrix

The necessary conditions for any 2 x 2 square matrix to be an Idempotent matrix is that either it should be diagonal matrix of order 2 x 2, or its trace value should be equal to 1. 

Properties of Idempotent matrix

These are some important properties of Idempotent matrix.

1. If any Idempotent matrix is identity matrix [I], then it will be non-singular matrix.
2. When any Idempotent matrix [A] is subtracted from identity matrix [I], then the resultant matrix [I-A] will also be an idempotent matrix.
3. If a non-identity matrix is an idempotent matrix then its number of independent rows and columns will always be less than the number of total rows and columns of that Idempotent matrix.
4. If a matrix [A] is an idempotent matrix, then for all positive integer values of variable 'n', the result Aⁿ = A will always true.
5. The Eigen values of any Idempotent matrix will always be either 0 or 1. That means an idempotent matrix is always diagonalizable.
6. The trace of an idempotent matrix will be equal to the rank of that Idempotent matrix, hence trace will always be an integer value.
7. For any 2 x 2 idempotent matrix [A].

• a = a² + bc
• b = ab + bc, implying that  b(1 - a - d) = 0, so either b = 0, or d = (1 - a)
• c = ac + dc, implying that  c(1 - a - d) = 0, so either c = 0, or d = (1 - a)
• d = d² + bc

[ ##eye## Power Factor Correction techniques]

Application of Idempotent matrix

One of the very important applications of Idempotent matrix is that it is very easy and useful for solving [ M ] matrix and Hat matrix during regression analysis and econometrics.

The idempotency of  [ M ]  matrix plays very important role in other calculations of  regression analysis and econometrics.

How do you know if a matrix is idempotent?

It is very easy to check whether a given matrix [A] is an idempotent matrix or not. Simply multiply that given matrix [A] with same matrix [A] and find the square of given matrix [ i.e, A² ]  and then check that whether the square of matrix [A²] gives resultant matrix as same matrix [A] or not, (i.e, A² = A). If this condition satisfies then given matrix will be idempotent matrix otherwise it will not be an idempotent matrix.

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